IO::Compress::FAQ -- Frequently Asked Questions about IO::Compress
Common questions answered.
Although Compress::Zlib has a pair of functions called compress and uncompress, they are not related to the Unix programs of the same name. The Compress::Zlib module is not compatible with Unix compress.
Compress::Zlib
compress
uncompress
If you have the uncompress program available, you can use this to read compressed files
open F, "uncompress -c $filename |"; while (<F>) { ...
Alternatively, if you have the gunzip program available, you can use this to read compressed files
gunzip
open F, "gunzip -c $filename |"; while (<F>) { ...
and this to write compress files, if you have the compress program available
open F, "| compress -c $filename "; print F "data"; ... close F ;
The Archive::Tar module can optionally use Compress::Zlib (via the IO::Zlib module) to access tar files that have been compressed with gzip. Unfortunately tar files compressed with the Unix compress utility cannot be read by Compress::Zlib and so cannot be directly accessed by Archive::Tar.
Archive::Tar
IO::Zlib
gzip
If the uncompress or gunzip programs are available, you can use one of these workarounds to read .tar.Z files from Archive::Tar
.tar.Z
Firstly with uncompress
use strict; use warnings; use Archive::Tar; open F, "uncompress -c $filename |"; my $tar = Archive::Tar->new(*F); ...
and this with gunzip
use strict; use warnings; use Archive::Tar; open F, "gunzip -c $filename |"; my $tar = Archive::Tar->new(*F); ...
Similarly, if the compress program is available, you can use this to write a .tar.Z file
use strict; use warnings; use Archive::Tar; use IO::File; my $fh = new IO::File "| compress -c >$filename"; my $tar = Archive::Tar->new(); ... $tar->write($fh); $fh->close ;
This is easier that you might expect if you realise that all the IO::Compress::* objects are derived from IO::File and that all the IO::Uncompress::* modules can read from an IO::File filehandle.
IO::Compress::*
IO::File
IO::Uncompress::*
So, for example, say you have a file compressed with gzip that you want to recompress with bzip2. Here is all that is needed to carry out the recompression.
use IO::Uncompress::Gunzip ':all'; use IO::Compress::Bzip2 ':all'; my $gzipFile = "somefile.gz"; my $bzipFile = "somefile.bz2"; my $gunzip = new IO::Uncompress::Gunzip $gzipFile or die "Cannot gunzip $gzipFile: $GunzipError\n" ; bzip2 $gunzip => $bzipFile or die "Cannot bzip2 to $bzipFile: $Bzip2Error\n" ;
Note, there is a limitation of this technique. Some compression file formats store extra information along with the compressed data payload. For example, gzip can optionally store the original filename and Zip stores a lot of information about the original file. If the original compressed file contains any of this extra information, it will not be transferred to the new compressed file usign the technique above.
The following compression formats are supported by IO::Compress::Zip and IO::Uncompress::Unzip
IO::Compress::Zip
IO::Uncompress::Unzip
Store (method 0)
No compression at all.
Deflate (method 8)
This is the default compression used when creating a zip file with IO::Compress::Zip.
Bzip2 (method 12)
Only supported if the IO-Compress-Bzip2 module is installed.
IO-Compress-Bzip2
Lzma (method 14)
Only supported if the IO-Compress-Lzma module is installed.
IO-Compress-Lzma
Yes, both the IO-Compress-Zip and IO-Uncompress-Unzip modules support the zip feature called Zip64. That allows them to read/write files/buffers larger than 4Gig.
IO-Compress-Zip
IO-Uncompress-Unzip
If you are creating a Zip file using the one-shot interface, and any of the input files is greater than 4Gig, a zip64 complaint zip file will be created.
zip "really-large-file" => "my.zip";
Similarly with the one-shot interface, if the input is a buffer larger than 4 Gig, a zip64 complaint zip file will be created.
zip \$really_large_buffer => "my.zip";
The one-shot interface allows you to force the creation of a zip64 zip file by including the Zip64 option.
Zip64
zip $filehandle => "my.zip", Zip64 => 1;
If you want to create a zip64 zip file with the OO interface you must specify the Zip64 option.
my $zip = new IO::Compress::Zip "whatever", Zip64 => 1;
When uncompressing with IO-Uncompress-Unzip, it will automatically detect if the zip file is zip64.
If you intend to manipulate the Zip64 zip files created with IO-Compress-Zip using an external zip/unzip, make sure that it supports Zip64.
In particular, if you are using Info-Zip you need to have zip version 3.x or better to update a Zip64 archive and unzip version 6.x to read a zip64 archive.
The primary reference for zip files is the "appnote" document available at http://www.pkware.com/documents/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT
An alternatively is the Info-Zip appnote. This is available from ftp://ftp.info-zip.org/pub/infozip/doc/
The primary reference for gzip files is RFC 1952 http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1952.html
The primary site for gzip is http://www.gzip.org.
The primary site for the zlib compression library is http://www.zlib.org.
Below is a mod_perl Apache compression module, called Apache::GZip, taken from http://perl.apache.org/docs/tutorials/tips/mod_perl_tricks/mod_perl_tricks.html#On_the_Fly_Compression
Apache::GZip
package Apache::GZip; #File: Apache::GZip.pm use strict vars; use Apache::Constants ':common'; use Compress::Zlib; use IO::File; use constant GZIP_MAGIC => 0x1f8b; use constant OS_MAGIC => 0x03; sub handler { my $r = shift; my ($fh,$gz); my $file = $r->filename; return DECLINED unless $fh=IO::File->new($file); $r->header_out('Content-Encoding'=>'gzip'); $r->send_http_header; return OK if $r->header_only; tie *STDOUT,'Apache::GZip',$r; print($_) while <$fh>; untie *STDOUT; return OK; } sub TIEHANDLE { my($class,$r) = @_; # initialize a deflation stream my $d = deflateInit(-WindowBits=>-MAX_WBITS()) || return undef; # gzip header -- don't ask how I found out $r->print(pack("nccVcc",GZIP_MAGIC,Z_DEFLATED,0,time(),0,OS_MAGIC)); return bless { r => $r, crc => crc32(undef), d => $d, l => 0 },$class; } sub PRINT { my $self = shift; foreach (@_) { # deflate the data my $data = $self->{d}->deflate($_); $self->{r}->print($data); # keep track of its length and crc $self->{l} += length($_); $self->{crc} = crc32($_,$self->{crc}); } } sub DESTROY { my $self = shift; # flush the output buffers my $data = $self->{d}->flush; $self->{r}->print($data); # print the CRC and the total length (uncompressed) $self->{r}->print(pack("LL",@{$self}{qw/crc l/})); } 1;
Here's the Apache configuration entry you'll need to make use of it. Once set it will result in everything in the /compressed directory will be compressed automagically.
<Location /compressed> SetHandler perl-script PerlHandler Apache::GZip </Location>
Although at first sight there seems to be quite a lot going on in Apache::GZip, you could sum up what the code was doing as follows -- read the contents of the file in $r->filename, compress it and write the compressed data to standard output. That's all.
$r->filename
This code has to jump through a few hoops to achieve this because
The gzip support in Compress::Zlib version 1.x can only work with a real filesystem filehandle. The filehandles used by Apache modules are not associated with the filesystem.
That means all the gzip support has to be done by hand - in this case by creating a tied filehandle to deal with creating the gzip header and trailer.
IO::Compress::Gzip doesn't have that filehandle limitation (this was one of the reasons for writing it in the first place). So if IO::Compress::Gzip is used instead of Compress::Zlib the whole tied filehandle code can be removed. Here is the rewritten code.
IO::Compress::Gzip
package Apache::GZip; use strict vars; use Apache::Constants ':common'; use IO::Compress::Gzip; use IO::File; sub handler { my $r = shift; my ($fh,$gz); my $file = $r->filename; return DECLINED unless $fh=IO::File->new($file); $r->header_out('Content-Encoding'=>'gzip'); $r->send_http_header; return OK if $r->header_only; my $gz = new IO::Compress::Gzip '-', Minimal => 1 or return DECLINED ; print $gz $_ while <$fh>; return OK; }
or even more succinctly, like this, using a one-shot gzip
package Apache::GZip; use strict vars; use Apache::Constants ':common'; use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(gzip); sub handler { my $r = shift; $r->header_out('Content-Encoding'=>'gzip'); $r->send_http_header; return OK if $r->header_only; gzip $r->filename => '-', Minimal => 1 or return DECLINED ; return OK; } 1;
The use of one-shot gzip above just reads from $r->filename and writes the compressed data to standard output.
Note the use of the Minimal option in the code above. When using gzip for Content-Encoding you should always use this option. In the example above it will prevent the filename being included in the gzip header and make the size of the gzip data stream a slight bit smaller.
Minimal
The Net::FTP module provides two low-level methods called stor and retr that both return filehandles. These filehandles can used with the IO::Compress/Uncompress modules to compress or uncompress files read from or written to an FTP Server on the fly, without having to create a temporary file.
Net::FTP
stor
retr
IO::Compress/Uncompress
Firstly, here is code that uses retr to uncompressed a file as it is read from the FTP Server.
use Net::FTP; use IO::Uncompress::Gunzip qw(:all); my $ftp = new Net::FTP ... my $retr_fh = $ftp->retr($compressed_filename); gunzip $retr_fh => $outFilename, AutoClose => 1 or die "Cannot uncompress '$compressed_file': $GunzipError\n";
and this to compress a file as it is written to the FTP Server
use Net::FTP; use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(:all); my $stor_fh = $ftp->stor($filename); gzip "filename" => $stor_fh, AutoClose => 1 or die "Cannot compress '$filename': $GzipError\n";
InputLength
A fairly common use-case is where compressed data is embedded in a larger file/buffer and you want to read both.
As an example consider the structure of a zip file. This is a well-defined file format that mixes both compressed and uncompressed sections of data in a single file.
For the purposes of this discussion you can think of a zip file as sequence of compressed data streams, each of which is prefixed by an uncompressed local header. The local header contains information about the compressed data stream, including the name of the compressed file and, in particular, the length of the compressed data stream.
To illustrate how to use InputLength here is a script that walks a zip file and prints out how many lines are in each compressed file (if you intend write code to walking through a zip file for real see "Walking through a zip file" in IO::Uncompress::Unzip ). Also, although this example uses the zlib-based compression, the technique can be used by the other IO::Uncompress::* modules.
use strict; use warnings; use IO::File; use IO::Uncompress::RawInflate qw(:all); use constant ZIP_LOCAL_HDR_SIG => 0x04034b50; use constant ZIP_LOCAL_HDR_LENGTH => 30; my $file = $ARGV[0] ; my $fh = new IO::File "<$file" or die "Cannot open '$file': $!\n"; while (1) { my $sig; my $buffer; my $x ; ($x = $fh->read($buffer, ZIP_LOCAL_HDR_LENGTH)) == ZIP_LOCAL_HDR_LENGTH or die "Truncated file: $!\n"; my $signature = unpack ("V", substr($buffer, 0, 4)); last unless $signature == ZIP_LOCAL_HDR_SIG; # Read Local Header my $gpFlag = unpack ("v", substr($buffer, 6, 2)); my $compressedMethod = unpack ("v", substr($buffer, 8, 2)); my $compressedLength = unpack ("V", substr($buffer, 18, 4)); my $uncompressedLength = unpack ("V", substr($buffer, 22, 4)); my $filename_length = unpack ("v", substr($buffer, 26, 2)); my $extra_length = unpack ("v", substr($buffer, 28, 2)); my $filename ; $fh->read($filename, $filename_length) == $filename_length or die "Truncated file\n"; $fh->read($buffer, $extra_length) == $extra_length or die "Truncated file\n"; if ($compressedMethod != 8 && $compressedMethod != 0) { warn "Skipping file '$filename' - not deflated $compressedMethod\n"; $fh->read($buffer, $compressedLength) == $compressedLength or die "Truncated file\n"; next; } if ($compressedMethod == 0 && $gpFlag & 8 == 8) { die "Streamed Stored not supported for '$filename'\n"; } next if $compressedLength == 0; # Done reading the Local Header my $inf = new IO::Uncompress::RawInflate $fh, Transparent => 1, InputLength => $compressedLength or die "Cannot uncompress $file [$filename]: $RawInflateError\n" ; my $line_count = 0; while (<$inf>) { ++ $line_count; } print "$filename: $line_count\n"; }
The majority of the code above is concerned with reading the zip local header data. The code that I want to focus on is at the bottom.
while (1) { # read local zip header data # get $filename # get $compressedLength my $inf = new IO::Uncompress::RawInflate $fh, Transparent => 1, InputLength => $compressedLength or die "Cannot uncompress $file [$filename]: $RawInflateError\n" ; my $line_count = 0; while (<$inf>) { ++ $line_count; } print "$filename: $line_count\n"; }
The call to IO::Uncompress::RawInflate creates a new filehandle $inf that can be used to read from the parent filehandle $fh, uncompressing it as it goes. The use of the InputLength option will guarantee that at most $compressedLength bytes of compressed data will be read from the $fh filehandle (The only exception is for an error case like a truncated file or a corrupt data stream).
IO::Uncompress::RawInflate
$inf
$fh
$compressedLength
This means that once RawInflate is finished $fh will be left at the byte directly after the compressed data stream.
Now consider what the code looks like without InputLength
while (1) { # read local zip header data # get $filename # get $compressedLength # read all the compressed data into $data read($fh, $data, $compressedLength); my $inf = new IO::Uncompress::RawInflate \$data, Transparent => 1, or die "Cannot uncompress $file [$filename]: $RawInflateError\n" ; my $line_count = 0; while (<$inf>) { ++ $line_count; } print "$filename: $line_count\n"; }
The difference here is the addition of the temporary variable $data. This is used to store a copy of the compressed data while it is being uncompressed.
$data
If you know that $compressedLength isn't that big then using temporary storage won't be a problem. But if $compressedLength is very large or you are writing an application that other people will use, and so have no idea how big $compressedLength will be, it could be an issue.
Using InputLength avoids the use of temporary storage and means the application can cope with large compressed data streams.
One final point -- obviously InputLength can only be used whenever you know the length of the compressed data beforehand, like here with a zip file.
Compress::Zlib, IO::Compress::Gzip, IO::Uncompress::Gunzip, IO::Compress::Deflate, IO::Uncompress::Inflate, IO::Compress::RawDeflate, IO::Uncompress::RawInflate, IO::Compress::Bzip2, IO::Uncompress::Bunzip2, IO::Compress::Lzma, IO::Uncompress::UnLzma, IO::Compress::Xz, IO::Uncompress::UnXz, IO::Compress::Lzop, IO::Uncompress::UnLzop, IO::Compress::Lzf, IO::Uncompress::UnLzf, IO::Uncompress::AnyInflate, IO::Uncompress::AnyUncompress
IO::Compress::FAQ
File::GlobMapper, Archive::Zip, Archive::Tar, IO::Zlib
This module was written by Paul Marquess, pmqs@cpan.org.
See the Changes file.
Copyright (c) 2005-2012 Paul Marquess. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
To install P5re, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
cpanm
cpanm P5re
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell install P5re
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.