NAME

Crypt::Spritz - Spritz stream cipher/hash/MAC/AEAD/CSPRNG family

SYNOPSIS

 use Crypt::Spritz;

 # see the commented examples in their respective classes,
 # but basically

 my $cipher = new Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR $key, $iv;
 $ciphertext = $cipher->crypt ($cleartext);

 my $cipher = new Crypt::Spritz::Cipher $key, $iv;
 $ciphertext  = $cipher->encrypt ($cleartext);
 # $cleartext = $cipher->decrypt ($ciphertext);

 my $hasher = new Crypt::Spritz::Hash;
 $hasher->add ($data);
 $digest = $hasher->finish;

 my $hasher = new Crypt::Spritz::MAC $key;
 $hasher->add ($data);
 $mac = $hasher->finish;

 my $prng = new Crypt::Spritz::PRNG $entropy;
 $prng->add ($additional_entropy);
 $keydata = $prng->get (32);

 my $aead = new Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR $key;
 $aead->nonce ($counter);
 $aead->associated_data ($header);
 $ciphertext = $aead->crypt ($cleartext);
 $mac = $aead->mac;

 my $aead = new Crypt::Spritz::AEAD $key;
 $aead->nonce ($counter);
 $aead->associated_data ($header);
 $ciphertext  = $aead->encrypt ($cleartext);
 # $cleartext = $aead->decrypt ($ciphertext);
 $mac = $aead->mac;

WARNING

The best known result (early 2017) against Spritz is a distinguisher attack on 2**44 outputs with multiple keys/IVs, and on 2**60 outputs with a single key (see doi:10.1007/978-3-662-52993-5_4 for details). These are realistic attacks, so Spritz needs to be considered broken, although for low data applications it should still be useful.

DESCRIPTION

This module implements the Spritz spongelike function (with N=256), the spiritual successor of RC4 developed by Ron Rivest and Jacob Schuldt.

Its strength is extreme versatility (you get a stream cipher, a hash, a MAC, a DRBG/CSPRNG, an authenticated encryption block/stream cipher and more) and extremely simple and small code (encryption and authentication can be had in 1KB of compiled code on amd64, which isn't an issue for most uses in Perl, but is useful in embedded situations, or e.g. when doing crypto using javascript in a browser and communicating with Perl).

Its weakness is its relatively slow speed (encryption is a few times slower than RC4 or AES, hashing many times slower than SHA-3, although this might be reversed on an 8-bit-cpu) and the fact that it is totally unproven in the field (as of this writing, the cipher was just a few months old), so it can't be called production-ready.

All the usual caveats regarding stream ciphers apply - never repeat your key, never repeat your nonce and so on - you should have some basic understanding of cryptography before using this cipher in your own designs.

The Spritz base class is not meant for end users. To make usage simpler and safer, a number of convenience classes are provided for typical end-user tasks:

   random number generation - Crypt::Spritz::PRNG
   hashing                  - Crypt::Spritz::Hash
   message authentication   - Crypt::Spritz::MAC
   encryption               - Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR
   encryption               - Crypt::Spritz::Cipher
   authenticated encryption - Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR
   authenticated encryption - Crypt::Spritz::AEAD

THE Crypt::Spritz CLASS

This class implements most of the Spritz primitives. To use it effectively you should understand them, for example, by reading the Spritz paper, especially pp. 5-6.

The Spritz primitive corresponding to the Perl method is given as comment.

$spritz = new Crypt::Spritz # InitializeState: Creates and returns a new, initialised Spritz state.
$spritz->init # InitializeState: Initialises the Spritz state again, throwing away the previous state.
$another_spritz = $spritz->clone: Make an exact copy of the spritz state. This method can be called on all of the objects in this module, but is documented separately to give some cool usage examples.
$spritz->update # Update
$spritz->whip ($r) # Whip
$spritz->crush # Crush
$spritz->shuffle # Shuffle
$spritz->output # Output: Calls the Spritz primitive ovf the same name - these are not normally called manually.
$spritz->absorb ($I) # Absorb: Absorbs the given data into the state (usually used for key material, nonces, IVs messages to be hashed and so on).
$spritz->absorb_stop # AbsorbStop: Absorbs a special stop symbol - this is usually used as delimiter between multiple strings to be absorbed, to thwart extension attacks.
$spritz->absorb_and_stop ($I): This is a convenience function that simply calls absorb followed by absorb_stop.
$octet = $spritz->drip # Drip: Squeezes out a single byte from the state.
$octets = $spritz->squeeze ($len) # Squeeze: Squeezes out the requested number of bytes from the state - this is usually

THE Crypt::Spritz::PRNG CLASS

This class implements a Pseudorandom Number Generatore (PRNG), sometimes also called a Deterministic Random Bit Generator (DRBG). In fact, it is even cryptographically secure, making it a CSPRNG.

Typical usage as a random number generator involves creating a PRNG object with a seed of your choice, and then fetching randomness via get:

   # create a PRNG object, use a seed string of your choice
   my $prng = new Crypt::Spritz::PRNG $seed;

   # now call get as many times as you wish to get binary randomness
   my $some_randomness = $prng->get (17);
   my moree_randomness = $prng->get (5000);
   ...

Typical usage as a cryptographically secure random number generator is to feed in some secret entropy (32 octets/256 bits are commonly considered enough), for example from /dev/random or /dev/urandom, and then generate some key material.

   # create a PRNG object
   my $prng = new Crypt::Spritz::PRNG;

   # seed some entropy (either via ->add or in the constructor)
   $prng->add ($some_secret_highly_entropic_string);

   # now call get as many times as you wish to get
   # hard to guess binary randomness
   my $key1 = $prng->get (32);
   my $key2 = $prng->get (16);
   ...

   # for long running programs, it is advisable to
   # reseed the PRNG from time to time with new entropy
   $prng->add ($some_more_entropy);

$prng = new Crypt::Spritz::PRNG [$seed]

Creates a new random number generator object. If $seed is given, then the $seed is added to the internal state as if by a call to add.

$prng->add ($entropy)

Adds entropy to the internal state, thereby hopefully making it harder to guess. Good sources for entropy are irregular hardware events, or randomness provided by /dev/urandom or /dev/random.

The design of the Spritz PRNG should make it strong against attacks where the attacker controls all the entropy, so it should be safe to add entropy from untrusted sources - more is better than less if you need a CSPRNG.

For use as PRNG, of course, this matters very little.

$octets = $prng->get ($length)

Generates and returns $length random octets as a string.

THE Crypt::Spritz::Hash CLASS

This implements the Spritz digest/hash algorithm. It works very similar to other digest modules on CPAN, such as Digest::SHA3.

Typical use for hashing:

   # create hasher object
   my $hasher = new Crypt::Spritz::Hash;

   # now feed data to be hashed into $hasher
   # in as few or many calls as required
   $hasher->add ("Some data");
   $hasher->add ("Some more");

   # extract the hash - the object is not usable afterwards
   my $digest = $hasher->finish (32);

$hasher = new Crypt::Spritz::Hash

Creates a new hasher object.

$hasher->add ($data)

Adds data to be hashed into the hasher state. It doesn't matter whether you pass your data in in one go or split it up, the hash will be the same.

$digest = $hasher->finish ($length)

Calculates a hash digest of the given length and return it. The object cannot sensibly be used for further hashing afterwards.

Typical digest lengths are 16 and 32, corresponding to 128 and 256 bit digests, respectively.

$another_hasher = $hasher->clone

Make an exact copy of the hasher state. This can be useful to generate incremental hashes, for example.

Example: generate a hash for the data already fed into the hasher, by keeping the original hasher for further add calls and calling finish on a clone.

   my $intermediate_hash = $hasher->clone->finish;

Example: hash 64KiB of data, and generate a hash after every kilobyte that is over the full data.

   my $hasher = new Crypt::Spritz::Hash;

   for (0..63) {
      my $kib = "x" x 1024; # whatever data

      $hasher->add ($kib);

      my $intermediate_hash = $hasher->clone->finish;
      ...
   }

These kind of intermediate hashes are sometimes used in communications protocols to protect the integrity of the data incrementally, e.g. to detect errors early, while still having a complete hash at the end of a transfer.

THE Crypt::Spritz::MAC CLASS

This implements the Spritz Message Authentication Code algorithm. It works very similar to other digest modules on CPAN, such as Digest::SHA3, but implements an authenticated digest (like Digest::HMAC).

Authenticated means that, unlike Crypt::Spritz::Hash, where everybody can verify and recreate the hash value for some data, with a MAC, knowledge of the (hopefully) secret key is required both to create and to verify the digest.

Typical use for hashing is almost the same as with Crypt::Spritz::MAC, except a key (typically 16 or 32 octets) is provided to the constructor:

   # create hasher object
   my $hasher = new Crypt::Spritz::Mac $key;

   # now feed data to be hashed into $hasher
   # in as few or many calls as required
   $hasher->add ("Some data");
   $hasher->add ("Some more");

   # extract the mac - the object is not usable afterwards
   my $mac = $hasher->finish (32);

$hasher = new Crypt::Spritz::MAC $key

Creates a new hasher object. The $key can be of any length, but 16 and 32 (128 and 256 bit) are customary.

$hasher->add ($data)

Adds data to be hashed into the hasher state. It doesn't matter whether you pass your data in in one go or split it up, the hash will be the same.

$mac = $hasher->finish ($length)

Calculates a message code of the given length and return it. The object cannot sensibly be used for further hashing afterwards.

Typical digest lengths are 16 and 32, corresponding to 128 and 256 bit digests, respectively.

$another_hasher = $hasher->clone

Make an exact copy of the hasher state. This can be useful to generate incremental macs, for example.

See the description for the Crypt::Spritz::Hash::clone method for some examples.

THE Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR CLASS

This class implements stream encryption/decryption. It doesn't implement the standard Spritz encryption but the XOR variant (called spritz-xor in the paper).

The XOR variant should be as secure as the standard variant, but doesn't have separate encryption and decryaption functions, which saves codesize. IT is not compatible with standard Spritz encryption, however - drop me a note if you want that implemented as well.

Typical use for encryption and decryption (code is identical for decryption, you simply pass the encrypted data to crypt):

   # create a cipher - $salt can be a random string you send
   # with your message, in clear, a counter (best), or empty if
   # you only want to encrypt one message with the given key.
   # 16 or 32 octets are typical sizes for the key, for the salt,
   # use whatever you need to give a unique salt for every
   # message you encrypt with the same key.

   my $cipher = Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR $key, $salt;

   # encrypt a message in one or more calls to crypt

   my $encrypted;

   $encrypted .= $cipher->crypt ("This is");
   $encrypted .= $cipher->crypt ("all very");
   $encrypted .= $cipher->crypt ("secret");

   # that's all

$cipher = new Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR $key[, $iv]

Creates a new cipher object usable for encryption and decryption. The $key must be provided, the initial vector $IV is optional.

Both $key and $IV can be of any length. Typical lengths for the $key are 16 (128 bit) or 32 (256 bit), while the $IV simply needs to be long enough to distinguish repeated uses of tghe same key.

$encrypted = $cipher->crypt ($cleartext)

$cleartext = $cipher->crypt ($encrypted)

Encrypt or decrypt a piece of a message. This can be called as many times as you want, and the message can be split into as few or many pieces as required without affecting the results.

$cipher->crypt_inplace ($cleartext_or_ciphertext)

Same as crypt, except it modifies the argument in-place.

$another_cipher = $cipher->clone

Make an exact copy of the cipher state. This can be useful to cache states for reuse later, for example, to avoid expensive key setups.

While there might be use cases for this feature, it makes a lot more sense for Crypt::Spritz::AEAD and Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR, as they allow you to specify the IV/nonce separately.

$constant_32 = $cipher->keysize

$constant_64 = $cipher->blocksize

These methods are provided for Crypt::CBC compatibility and simply return 32 and 64, respectively.

Note that it is pointless to use Spritz with Crypt::CBC, as Spritz is not a block cipher and already provides an appropriate mode.

THE Crypt::Spritz::Cipher CLASS

This class is pretty much the same as the Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR class, with two differences: first, it implements the "standard" Spritz encryption algorithm, and second, while this variant is easier to analyze mathematically, there is little else to recommend it for, as it is slower, and requires lots of code duplication code.

So unless you need to be compatible with another implementation that does not offer the XOR variant, stick to Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR.

All the methods from Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR are available, except crypt, which has been replaced by separate encrypt and decrypt methods:

$encrypted = $cipher->encrypt ($cleartext)
$cleartext = $cipher->decrypt ($encrypted): Really the same as Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR, except you need separate calls and code for encryption and decryption.

THE Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR CLASS

This is the most complicated class - it combines encryption and message authentication into a single "authenticated encryption mode". It is similar to using both Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR and Crypt::Spritz::MAC, but makes it harder to make mistakes in combining them.

You can additionally provide cleartext data that will not be encrypted or decrypted, but that is nevertheless authenticated using the MAC, which is why this mode is called AEAD, Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data. Associated data is usually used to any header data that is in cleartext, but should nevertheless be authenticated.

This implementation implements the XOR variant. Just as with Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR, this means it is not compatible with the standard mode, but uses less code and doesn't distinguish between encryption and decryption.

Typical usage is as follows:

   # create a new aead object
   # you use one object per message
   # key length customarily is 16 or 32
   my $aead = new Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR $key;

   # now you must feed the nonce. if you do not need a nonce,
   # you can provide the empty string, but you have to call it
   # after creating the object, before calling associated_data.
   # the nonce must be different for each usage of the $key.
   # a counter of some kind is good enough.
   # reusing a nonce with the same key completely
   # destroys security!
   $aead->nonce ($counter);

   # then you must feed any associated data you have. if you
   # do not have associated cleartext data, you can provide the empty
   # string, but you have to call it after nonce and before crypt.
   $aead->associated_data ($header);

   # next, you call crypt one or more times with your data
   # to be encrypted (opr decrypted).
   # all except the last call must use a length that is a
   # multiple of 64.
   # the last block can have any length.
   my $encrypted;

   $encrypted .= $aead->crypt ("1" x 64);
   $encrypted .= $aead->crypt ("2" x 64);
   $encrypted .= $aead->crypt ("3456");

   # finally you can calculate the MAC for all of the above
   my $mac = $aead->finish;

$aead = new Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR $key

Creates a new cipher object usable for encryption and decryption.

The $key can be of any length. Typical lengths for the $key are 16 (128 bit) or 32 (256 bit).

After creation, you have to call nonce next.

$aead->nonce ($nonce)

Provide the nonce value (nonce means "value used once"), a value the is unique between all uses with the same key. This method must be called after new and before associated_data.

If you only ever use a given key once, you can provide an empty nonce - but you still have to call the method.

Common strategies to provide a nonce are to implement a persistent counter or to generate a random string of sufficient length to guarantee that it differs each time.

The problem with counters is that you might get confused and forget increments, and thus reuse the same sequence number. The problem with random strings i that your random number generator might be hosed and generate the same randomness multiple times (randomness can be very hard to get especially on embedded devices).

$aead->associated_data ($data)

Provide the associated data (cleartext data to be authenticated but not encrypted). This method must be called after nonce and before crypt.

If you don't have any associated data, you can provide an empty string - but you still have to call the method.

Associated data is typically header data - data anybody is allowed to see in cleartext, but that should nevertheless be protected with an authentication code. Typically such data is used to identify where to forward a message to, how to find the key to decrypt the message or in general how to interpret the encrypted part of a message.

$encrypted = $cipher->crypt ($cleartext)

$cleartext = $cipher->crypt ($encrypted)

Encrypt or decrypt a piece of a message. This can be called as many times as you want, and the message can be split into as few or many pieces as required without affecting the results, with one exception: All except the last call to crypt needs to pass in a multiple of 64 octets. The last call to crypt does not have this limitation.

$cipher->crypt_inplace ($cleartext_or_ciphertext)

Same as crypt, except it modifies the argument in-place.

$another_cipher = $cipher->clone

Make an exact copy of the cipher state. This can be useful to cache states for reuse later, for example, to avoid expensive key setups.

Example: set up a cipher state with a key, then clone and use it to encrypt messages with different nonces.

   my $cipher = new Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR $key;

   my $message_counter;

   for my $message ("a", "b", "c") {
      my $clone = $cipher->clone;
      $clone->nonce (pack "N", ++$message_counter);
      $clone->associated_data ("");
      my $encrypted = $clone->crypt ($message);
      ...
   }

THE Crypt::Spritz::AEAD CLASS

This class is pretty much the same as the Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR class, with two differences: first, it implements the "standard" Spritz encryption algorithm, and second, while this variant is easier to analyze mathematically, there is little else to recommend it for, as it is slower, and requires lots of code duplication code.

So unless you need to be compatible with another implementation that does not offer the XOR variant, stick to Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR.

All the methods from Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR are available, except crypt, which has been replaced by separate encrypt and decrypt methods:

$encrypted = $cipher->encrypt ($cleartext)
$cleartext = $cipher->decrypt ($encrypted): Really the same as Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR, except you need separate calls and code for encryption and decryption, but you have the same limitations on usage.

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

At the time of this writing, Spritz has not been through a lot of cryptanalysis - it might get broken tomorrow. That's true for any crypto algo, but the probability is quite a bit higher with Spritz. Having said that, Spritz is almost certainly safer than RC4 at this time.

Nevertheless, I wouldn't protect something very expensive with it. I also would be careful about timing attacks.

Regarding key lengths - as has been pointed out, traditional symmetric key lengths (128 bit, 256 bit) work fine. Longer keys will be overkill, but you can expect keys up to about a kilobit to be effective. Longer keys are safe to use, they will simply be a waste of time.

PERFORMANCE

As a cipher/prng, Spritz is reasonably fast (about 100MB/s on 2014 era hardware, for comparison, AES will be more like 200MB/s).

For key setup, ivs, hashing, nonces and so on, Spritz is very slow (about 5MB/s on 2014 era hardware, which does SHA-256 at about 200MB/s).

SUPPORT FOR THE PERL MULTICORE SPECIFICATION

This module supports the perl multicore specification (http://perlmulticore.schmorp.de/) for all encryption/decryption (non-aead > 4000 octets, aead > 400 octets), hashing/absorbing (> 400 octets) and squeezing/prng (> 4000 octets) functions.

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

I also cannot give any guarantees for security, Spritz is a very new cryptographic algorithm, and when this module was written, almost completely unproven.

AUTHOR

 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
 http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/Crypt-Spritz

To install Crypt::Spritz, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm Crypt::Spritz

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Crypt::Spritz

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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NAME

SYNOPSIS

WARNING

DESCRIPTION

THE Crypt::Spritz CLASS

THE Crypt::Spritz::PRNG CLASS

THE Crypt::Spritz::Hash CLASS

THE Crypt::Spritz::MAC CLASS

THE Crypt::Spritz::Cipher::XOR CLASS

THE Crypt::Spritz::Cipher CLASS

THE Crypt::Spritz::AEAD::XOR CLASS

THE Crypt::Spritz::AEAD CLASS

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

PERFORMANCE

SUPPORT FOR THE PERL MULTICORE SPECIFICATION

SEE ALSO

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

AUTHOR

Module Install Instructions